Palingraphia (Palingraphid)

Palingraphy (Palingraphid) is a writing disorder that manifests itself in the repetition of letters and words in the text. Such a disorder may be associated with some kind of brain disease, for example, apoplexy.

Palingraphy is a rare disorder that can occur in people of all ages. It can be caused by various reasons, such as head injury, stroke, brain tumor, degenerative diseases of the nervous system, and metabolic disorders.

Symptoms of palinggraphy may include repetition of letters and words, and distortion of letter shapes. A person with palinggraphy may have difficulty reading and writing and may have trouble understanding written text.

To diagnose palingography, various tests are used to help determine the presence or absence of this disorder. Treatment for palingraphy depends on the cause of this disorder.

Overall, palingography is a serious disorder that can cause significant difficulties in daily life. Therefore, it is important to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment of this disease if you suspect you have it.

Palinggraphy is a writing disorder characterized by the repetition of letters or words on a page. It can be caused by various reasons, including brain disorders such as apoplexy or stroke. This disorder may also be associated with dementia and other mental illnesses. In ancient times, people considered this defect as a sign of suicide. Today, this disorder is considered rare because it can usually be identified in early childhood by writing down words.

Writing impairment due to repetition of letters is known as dysorthography. This is one of the symptoms of paralysis of the forearm muscles - local paralysis, and dystonia, the pathological element of which can be both damage to synapses in different areas and central damage to the brain stem. Problems with pronunciation and speech perception in people with this condition are thought to be related to brain problems similar to aphasia. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, who are prone to distractibility, may have significant difficulty writing the letters of the alphabet correctly or breaking down words into abbreviations, and children tend to automate the process while simultaneously deteriorating their self-control. A mechanical prompt for writing, corrected handwriting, which the child coped with at the previous stage, gives a negative result. An automated cursive writing system produces formally correct spelling, but at the same time suffers from accuracy and correctness of reasoning and decision making. Random errors appear on the letter. There is an understanding of the situation as unsolvable, and a refusal to work appears. The state in this case is similar to the state of despair, however, there are no signs of complete or partial damage to the intellect with hyperactivity. According to L. S. Vygotsky, the proposed explanation for the mechanism of occurrence of incorrect writing when performing copy writing and reading rhyming lines is associated with the fact that this is a functionally unified form of writing words, when a word is written through minted, coordinated, completed movements according to a developed rule. The process of developing reading and writing skills in these children is very protracted and unevenly complicated. That is, difficulties in learning to read and write are obstacles to adequate perception and reproduction of words. When reading rhymed sentences, fixed attention and the absence of the need to analyze the sounding word are manifested. When reproducing a word, there is a sense of stereotype, and it is necessary to rely on other words. Reading pairs are perceived by the child as words equivalent in meaning, provided that when pronouncing them, the fixed order of letters is maintained, there are no omissions, distortions, or difficulties in understanding the meaning. In this case, there is no transfer of the meaning of words: a bicycle is riding, a crow is croaking, a sick person is being treated. Violation of the correspondence between sound words and graphic words, reflecting various types of oral speech disorders. Each of the actions of oral and written speech has its own specifics: reading and writing are accompanied by their own ideas, emotions, a felt and verbally designated semantic interpretation arises.

Relevance of the topic

A writing disorder called palingraphia is characterized by the repetition of identical elements in words. Due to its prevalence, palinggraphy often attracts the attention of specialists and is the object of research. By studying it, we can learn more about the functions of the brain and its possible diseases.

This article discusses the reasons for the appearance of palingography and its effect on the body. We will also discuss palingography as part of neurological diagnostics. Familiarization with this topic will help you better understand the principles of neurological diseases and their symptoms.

Description of the phenomenon

**Palingography** is a writing defect in which a person repeats individual letters and entire words in the text, regardless of the need and meaning of the phrase. This disease is more common in adults than in children. The main reasons are physiological and psychological. Another common cause of palinggraphy is emotional swings. People suffering from neurocirculatory dystonia (emotional instability) may exhibit writing impairment due to anxiety attacks.

Most often, in medical texts, the word *palingraphy* is used as a synonym for **dyslexia** (a specific writing disorder). Some people with dyslexia suffer from palingography. However, with palinggraphy, repetition can occur either in combination with other symptoms or in combination exclusively with difficulties in writing words. Dyslexia only manifests itself in difficulties with writing words.

The difference between palingography and other speech or writing disorders is that such a disorder