Bleeding

Bleeding is one of the most common events in human life. Each of us has experienced it at least once due to injury, bite, bruise or for natural reasons - menstruation. Bleeding can be arterial and venous, chronic and acute, internal and external. Depending on the nature, type, and location of bleeding, they are divided into capillary, venous, veno-arterial, and arterial. Thus, when small vessels are damaged, the bleeding is capillary and quickly stops, since the blood flows through the vessels slowly and does not exceed the amount of reabsorption by the cells of the vascular wall. On the contrary, veins, especially superficial and wide ones, have thin walls and can easily begin to flow, even with a slight rupture, pouring out a huge amount of blood from the wound.

Types of bleeding There are several classifications of the type of bleeding. But the most widely used among practitioners were developed by Soviet scientists A. I. Abrikosov and A. V. Reprevs in 1939. According to this classification, bleeding is divided into the following types: 1. **Capillary** - bleeding occurs when the skin and mucous membranes are damaged shells. It occurs due to the superficial location of blood-filled vessels. The blood is bright scarlet in color and flows out slowly, abundantly wetting clothing and forming blood “stains” that have a round or oval shape due to the fact that droplets of blood flow down the surface of the tissue protruding on the body. If bleeding occurs during palpation of the damaged area, this indicates a clearly damaged integrity of the cover or the formation of a wound with a diameter of more than 0.5 mm. 2. **Venous** - appears when the walls of fairly large venous trunks are injured or when the veins are inflamed with possible compression by surrounding tissues. With such an injury, bright red venous blood immediately appears, which clots quite quickly within 5-10 minutes. If large veins are damaged and there is severe rapid blood loss, thrombosis of the damaged veins may develop. Typically, this complication occurs with injuries to the shoulder or thigh in cases where the skin is tightly stretched by clothing. This leads to a large eversion of the limb, vasodilation, hemorrhage and the formation of hematomas. 3. **Arterial** - occurs when large or deep arteries are located, as well as when they are strongly compressed by surrounding tissues or by a strong blood clot. Scarlet foamy blood flows from the gaping wound, which cannot be stopped by simply bending the bleeding limb: from the artery it pulsates in a strong stream or gushes out like a fountain. Often such bleeding suddenly stops, but then resumes again with any strong movement of the victim. Maximum arterial bleeding is associated with impaired extraperitoneal hemostasis. It can be stopped only by ligating the artery along the length or at the site of damage. 4. **Parenchymal** (in the abdominal and thoracic cavities) bleeding occurs as a blood mass of liquid consistency or as a result of a breakthrough of the upper segment of the esophagus into the trachea (diversion