Jaw Fractures

Jaw fractures are damage to the jaw bone that disrupts its integrity. This can happen with household, sports, gunshot and other injuries. Fractures may be non-gunshot or pathological. Non-gunshot fractures occur along the “weak lines” of the jaws, and pathological fractures are caused by chronic osteomyelitis, malignant tumor, fibrous osteitis and other diseases.

The clinical picture of fractures is determined by pain, displacement of fragments, their mobility, changes in bite, speech and chewing disorders, and excessive salivation. In case of a fracture of the alveolar process, the defining symptom is a violation of articulation. The course of fractures can be complicated by osteomyelitis and perimandibular phlegmon.

To clarify the location and nature of the fracture, radiography is performed. Gunshot fractures of the jaws have a more varied localization and are often accompanied by injuries to the eyes, nose, skull bones, as well as profuse nose and mouth bleeding.

Treatment of jaw fractures involves matching the fragments and fixing them. Immobilization is provided by wire dental splints, wire or polymer threads, osteosynthesis with metal rods, and also with the help of special devices. The wounds are sutured; in case of extensive defects, wire plate sutures are applied.

In case of fractures, emergency care is required, which includes transport immobilization, stopping bleeding, preventing asphyxia and anti-shock measures. Transport immobilization is carried out using a rigid chin sling bandage.

To prevent asphyxia, the patient is seated or placed on his side. If the tongue sinks, it is stitched with a ligature and fixed. If necessary, a tracheotomy is performed. It is important to provide the patient with liquid high-calorie food administered using a sippy cup or teaspoon. To prevent the development of traumatic osteomyelitis, antibiotics are administered.

Forecast for ordinary fractures and timely treatment, bone integrity and jaw function are restored within 3-4 weeks. However, fractures of the ramus, articular and temporal processes of the mandible can lead to permanent functional impairment.

It is important to remember that the prevention of jaw injuries involves the use of personal protective equipment when playing sports, careful handling of firearms, and compliance with safety rules at home.

In conclusion, jaw fractures are a serious injury that can lead to impaired jaw function and speech, as well as complications. Patients with suspected jaw fractures require timely diagnosis and treatment under the supervision of qualified specialists.