Operant

Operant behavior is behavior that is shaped by reinforcement or punishment. It is determined by the influence exerted on it. For example, if a person receives praise from his parents for good behavior, then he develops operant behavior, which is expressed in the desire to receive praise and avoid punishment. If a person receives punishment for bad behavior, then he can change his behavior to avoid punishment in the future.

The operant theory of behavior was developed by the American psychologist B.F. Skinner in the 1950s. He believed that human behavior is shaped by the environment and reinforcements. If a behavior is reinforced by a positive outcome, it becomes more frequent, and if it is reinforced by a negative outcome, it decreases.

The core concept of operant theory is the operant stimulus. This is any influence on a person that can lead to a change in his behavior. For example, this could be praise, punishment, or a change in environmental conditions. Operant stimuli can be either positive or negative.

A positive operant stimulus is a stimulus that leads to the desired behavior. For example, praise for good behavior or a reward for completing a task. A negative operant stimulus is a stimulus that causes an undesirable behavior. For example, punishment for bad behavior or deprivation of a reward for completing a task.

In order to change human behavior, it is necessary to use operant stimuli. For example, environmental conditions can be changed to cause a person to behave differently. Positive or negative reinforcement can also be used to shape desired behavior.

Thus, operant behavior is an important concept in psychology and behavior therapy. It allows you to understand how human behavior is formed and how you can change it.



Operant behavior is an important concept in the fields of psychology and behavioral sciences. It describes any behavior that depends on the reactions of others. The term originated in the context of studying animals and studying their responses to various stimuli. It was first proposed by the Russian psychologist I.P. Pavlov in 1895. In addition, he introduced the term “operants” - influences on the body that cause reactions. He believed that human behavior is based on operant learning and that environmental responses determine this process. The goal of operant training is to change a person's behavior by developing new operants. This means changing the reaction of the environment to a certain stimulus. Operants can be positive or negative. Thus, positive operants help change unwanted behavior, while negative operants are used to change unwanted behavior. An example of a positive operant is positive reinforcement, in which a person is given a reward for positive behavior. A negative example is negative reinforcement: if a person receives punishment for bad behavior, this can also change it. Another form of operant conditioning is restriction of desired behavior. Restraint is the opposite of positive reinforcement. In this case, the response to the behavior decreases or is completely absent. For example, instead of giving a child candy for correct answers at school, stricter measures can be used. Instead of simply punishing a child for misbehavior, psychological methods can be used.



Operant behavior is any behavior assessed by its effects on the environment and other people. It can be either positive or negative, it all depends on the context. The operant approach to animal learning originates in the works of Ivan Pavlovich Pavlov, who is one of the founders of this direction. His experiments showed that the behavior of animals could be changed by rewarding their actions. The operant technique is based on the principle of positive reinforcement: for the desired behavior, the animal must be given a treat or some other reward. Harmful behavior, on the contrary, must be stopped by providing a threat or some kind of punishment. Behavior is formed on the basis of complex environmental influences, and a combination of factors can cause an animal to react differently than the one for which it was originally motivated. That is, if you want your dog to bark when he sees a mouse, you can't just cut him some slack every time he hears the mouse. You must combine positive reinforcement (feeding, praising, etc.) with the conditioned bark-mouse reflex. A conditioned reflex is gradually established. The basic idea of ​​the operant approach is that animals produce a desired action and receive a desired response. For example, if an animal jumps out of a chair, you can give it