Bronchocele

Bronchoceleses are a group of cystic protrusions in the wall, narrowing or displacement of the bronchus. Bronchocilia in the wall of the main bronchus and adjacent bronchus contribute to the formation of purulent, atelectatic or post-inflammatory chronic bronchitis. This is a very common disease. It occurs in people of all ages, but more often in young and middle-aged people.

Cystic protrusions around the apex of the main bronchus, along with other manifestations of bronchial hypertension, cause significant damage to the patient’s health. They cause discomfort in the shoulder, mediastinum, armpit, sweating, increased body temperature, pain, cough reflex, deterioration, and disability.

The most common localization of bronchocils is the bronchi, because these areas of the bronchi are located in close proximity to the mediastinal organs, which in turn is the cause of the appearance of disproportionate pathology. The right main bronchus bulges most often compared to the left. Its displacement to the right side of the mediastinum allows it to touch some vital organs: pericardium, trachea, heart, esophagus. As a result of this, the volume of the functioning right main bronchus is slightly reduced, depending on the size and nature of the curvature. Often, slight curvatures of the bronchus are caused by the fact that it envelops the nearest blood vessels that pass along with them. The innervation of the bronchial tube worsens, but the patency remains without disturbance. At the very beginning of cystic protrusion, the process of development of a branched cystic network located around the bronchus and the root of the lung occurs. This hyaline mass consists of pathological walls of small bronchi and their branches. Also, this pathology may look like an accumulation of products of inflammation or hemorrhage. The bronchial branches at the ends lose their elasticity, the walls become rough and capable of movement. They are often swollen. Against the background of the inflammatory process, the collagen or tuberculous stage of the process develops at the sites of crossover and branching of the small bronchi. Finally, a change occurs in the walls of the bronchus due to the appearance of a connective tissue substrate: from hyaline to connective tissue-cystic. At the same time, rough walls, short and widened bronchial trunks, partially retaining their bronchial functions, are noted. As a result of the development of bronchocephaly, cystic formations of various shapes and sizes are formed in the tissue of the resected bronchus with a predominance of eosinophilic cells. However, in second place are giant cells that fill every cavity of a cystic degenerative lesion when examining a lung biopsy. Cysts are pneumosclerotic foci of various shapes, having parietal thickenings in different directions, which are a displacement of the apical part of the main bronchi, located in the hilar areas. Corrosion in the bronchial nodes is most often observed in the lower segments of the lungs, where the highest level of bronchial damage is observed, indicating healing of the pathological process. Clinical character

Bronchocelia is a rare congenital disease of the respiratory system. The reason for this is the underdevelopment of the bronchi during the period of their formation, when they are just forming. Typically, fetuses have a number of airways that allow them to breathe before birth. If a problem arises during formation, then some of them do not develop completely - and these are the outgrowths of the lungs. After birth, children can breathe, but this process is usually disrupted and age-inappropriate. This is exactly what is observed with bronchocephaly. It is also possible for the diaphragm not to descend during fetal development. It can also lead to changes in the baby's breathing after birth.

Cysts are typical for children 3-7 years old with lung malformations. Children are born with noticeable signs of a developmental defect - an enlarged abdomen, menstruation is often absent, in men there is defective descent of the testicles, decreased sexual function or its complete absence. Complaints appear after a period of active complaints that lasts up to 5 years. But already during this period, attention should be paid to the child’s developmental delay, severe infectious diseases, and complications of colds. Pasty mammary glands in girls, enlarged ears, a bifurcated nose, and low hair growth in the axillary and pubic areas are observed. The increase in colds leads to the neglect of the underlying disease. The child begins to walk late, speaks poorly, has low body weight and poor physical development. When you cough, a little foamy blood is released. Sometimes there may be constant coughing up of blood. In older children, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, periodic cough, and chest pain on both sides are noted. An X-ray of the lungs reveals dark spots with a tendency to consolidate, and sometimes bronchial fistulas are detected. During bronchography, patients exhibit multiple bronchiectasis, gas bronchitis, bronchopyosinus, and multiple air bronchi are often detected. In some cases, there is a connection between the bronchi and the pleural cavity. Diagnosis of bronchocidal cysts of the lung tissue is definitively established by plain radiography, chest radiography and computed tomography. To identify symptoms of bronchocoelia, it is necessary to perform bronchoscopy (its procedure is simple) or bronchography, or computed tomography. It is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to diagnosis with the involvement of related specialists. Bronchocoelicosis can also be detected using MSCT. Bronchocoelosis cysts are treated by pulmonologists and pediatric pulmonologists. As a rule, treatment for bronchocelloma is performed surgically. Moreover, when a cyst forms, the operation is performed already in the second year of life, and a large cyst is operated on several years before adulthood. Conservative treatment is aimed at maintaining the function of the respiratory apparatus and preventing the formation of complications. This stage of treatment is provided by a surgeon and pediatric pulmonologist. The child must be prescribed exercise therapy, massage and physiotherapeutic treatment. In the future, clinical observation and in-depth examination are recommended 2 times a year.