Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment

Hyperparathyroidism is a disease that is caused by hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands. Excess parathyroid hormone can be caused by adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands, which leads to disturbances in phosphorus-calcium metabolism, increased osteoclastic processes and the excretion of calcium and phosphorus from the skeleton in excess into the blood.

In primary hyperparathyroidism (fibrocystic osteodystrophy, Recklinghausen's disease), the phenomena of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia are observed. Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops against the background of long-term hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia with damage to the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and bone diseases. In tertiary hyperparathyroidism, an adenoma occurs against the background of long-existing secondary hyperthyroidism and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands.

Hyperparathyroidism is more common in women aged 20 to 50 years. Symptoms include general muscle weakness, fatigue, hypotonia of the muscles of the upper and lower extremities, pain in the feet, thirst, loosening and loss of teeth, weight loss, and the formation of stones in the urinary tract.

With hyperparathyroidism, a predominant lesion of one or another system is revealed. According to clinical features, they distinguish between bone, visceropathic (with predominant damage to the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, neuropsychiatric sphere) and mixed forms.

The main symptoms for bone and mixed forms are bone pain, aggravated by movement; long-healing, low-painful fractures, formation of false joints, skeletal deformation, decreased growth. Characterized by a slow, swaying “duck” gait. The chest becomes barrel-shaped, and club-shaped swellings appear in place of the cysts.

In the visceropathic form of hyperparathyroidism, the functions of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and neuropsychic sphere are impaired. With kidney damage, polydipsia, polyuria, hypoisosthenuria, and alkaline urine reaction develop, which can lead to azotemia and uremia. When the gastrointestinal tract is damaged, ulcers, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain develop. When the neuropsychic sphere is damaged, irritability, depression, and mental disorders are observed.

Various methods are used to diagnose hyperparathyroidism, including biochemical tests of blood and urine, X-ray examinations of bones and abdominal organs, and ultrasound examination of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism may include surgical removal of the adenoma or hyperplastic parathyroid tissue. In some cases, conservative therapy may be used, including taking medications to reduce the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. It is also important to correct disturbances in phosphorus-calcium metabolism and treat concomitant diseases. Monitoring the level of calcium and parathyroid hormone in the blood should be carried out regularly.

Hyperparathyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment

Hyperparathyroidism is a disease in which the parathyroid gland produces excess amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This leads to an increase in calcium levels in the blood and bone tissue, which can lead to various complications.

The causes of hyperparathyroidism can be varied. The most common cause is primary hyperparathyroidism, which is caused by a tumor in the parathyroid gland. Secondary hyperparathyroidism usually develops in people with chronic kidney failure, in which the kidneys cannot properly regulate calcium levels in the blood. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism develops in people with long-term kidney failure when the parathyroid gland begins to produce excessive amounts of PTH in response to long-term calcium imbalance.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can vary and include fatigue, weakness, bone pain, decreased bone density, sensitivity to dietary calcium, kidney stones, constipation, nausea and vomiting. Some people with hyperparathyroidism may have no symptoms at all.

Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism includes blood tests for calcium, phosphate and PTH levels. In addition, X-rays of the bones and ultrasound examination of the parathyroid glands may be required.

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism may include conservative therapy such as calcium and vitamin D supplements, as well as surgical removal of the tumor. In the case of secondary hyperparathyroidism, treatment is aimed at controlling chronic renal failure.

Overall, hyperparathyroidism is a serious condition that can lead to various complications. Therefore, it is important to see a doctor if any symptoms appear and have regular checkups to monitor your blood calcium levels.

**Hyperparathyroidism** is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. This condition leads to increased levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to various complications and diseases. Hyperparathyroidism mainly affects people over 50 years of age. In most cases