Invagination

Intussusception (from the Latin invaginatio - indentation) is the introduction of a part of a structure into the lumen of another structure.

In embryology, invagination is the introduction of part of the wall of the embryo into its cavity, accompanied by the formation of an internal layer.

Intussusception is the insertion of one loop of intestine into another. The most common cause is intestinal spasm.

Introversion - in psychology and philosophy: a process or state in which consciousness is directed inward rather than outward.

**Invagination** is a complex developmental anomaly, which is most often observed in the 7th week of pregnancy and is manifested by the formation of diverticula - cavities in the wall of the embryo. Due to the presence of large numbers of dividing cells that produce cilia capable of forming new layers of endoderm, these diverticula can exist for a long time while metamorphosis of the terminal ends of the mesodermal infundibulum occurs. If this process is disrupted, for example, due to unsuccessful splitting of the septum between the terminal anlages of the mesoderm - myotomes and nephrotomes, diverticula of the endothelial tube are formed and vessels are formed, and distortion of their structure may also occur. There are two groups of invaginations: **primary** (80% of cases), when the formation of diverticula occurs after premature closure of the blastocoel, and **secondary**, secondary, when the diverticulum-forming process covers the already formed part of the embryo and is localized only in this area, but can lead to the formation of a new cavity inside the body of the embryo [1].

**With the secondary type of invagination process, diverticula are formed - receding, incorrectly located segments of primary diverticular formations.** [3]. An important indicator for the differential diagnosis of primary-secondary intussusception is the peripheral zones of the blastocoel, namely the distance from the blastocyst to these areas and the existence or absence of partitions between the blastocyst and the peripheral areas. A significant distance between the periphery and the body of the blastocyst refers to the primary type of invagination, and the presence of a septum in this area confirms secondary invagination [2].

The second of the most common and extremely dangerous types of congenital malformations is **invagination**, or inversion of the internal membrane from the gastrointestinal tract cavity, in 85% of cases it causes the appearance of corresponding symptoms in newborns. In addition to all the dangers of inflammatory complications, gangrene or perforation, the danger of this defect lies in the fact that untimely diagnosis and treatment are fraught with fatal consequences, including severe necrosis of the involved intestinal loops (90%). [4]

Considering that the time of appearance of the first signs of intussusception diseases varies significantly depending on the position of the intestine in the newborn, there are three groups of patients with this pathology. The first group includes patients with well-localized, rarely moving intussusceptions, usually diagnosed in childhood. The second group of patients can be called “donor patients”, in the absence of timely surgical or conservative care. According to the third group, the majority of people suffer from the disease from birth. The result is impaired patency, changes in the composition of intestinal contents, progressive narrowing of the intestinal lumen and the development of chronic inflammatory processes of varying severity. The main factor for an unfavorable prognosis is constipation, which increases congestion in the cecum.

During the development of the embryo, the formation of reduced sections occurs (mouth, cecum, rectum and sigmoid)

Invagination is the process of introducing a part of one structure into another, forming a cavity inside it. Invagination can be observed in some stages of embryogenesis, when part of the germinal layer is rolled inward and forms the inner membrane. Medically, this process is known as intussusception, and it can be caused by certain medical conditions.

One of the most common types of intussusception is intussusception. This process involves the insertion of part of the intestine into another part of the intestine. Most often this occurs before the age of four years, which makes this form of intussusception very acute. Typically, intussusception diseases resemble colic or pain in the lower abdomen, which are accompanied by vomiting, blood in the stool and general fatigue. If this process is not cured surgically, it can lead to intestinal gangrene, which means the death of the tissues of the digestive system.

Usually, to diagnose intussusceptions, doctors prescribe X-ray fluoroscopy using a barium suspension. To determine intussusception, it is important to carefully examine the condition of the appendix using x-rays. Additional tests, including a colonoscopy, may also be used to determine bowel health and severity of disease.

Treatment of intussusception depends on the type and severity of the disease, as well as the age and condition of the patient. In mild cases, a prescribed medication that affects the contraction of the intestinal muscles is sufficient. However, if the patient is in a serious condition, it is necessary to undergo emergency surgery to remove the part of the intestine that caused the volvulus. This operation is performed only under general anesthesia, often in the intensive care unit. After the operation, the patient is prescribed a diet to normalize digestion and eliminate stress on the intestines during the rehabilitation period.

There is another form of intussusception - uterine volvulus, which often occurs in women in labor in the third stage of delivery. Treatment of this disease can only be carried out surgically, since attempts to remove the embryo outside will lead to serious injury to the woman. The only way out in this situation