Malabsorption Syndrome (Malabsorption Syndrome)

Malabsorption syndrome (MS) is a symptom complex that occurs as a result of a disorder in the digestion and absorption of foods in the small intestine. This condition can be either primary (hereditary) or secondary (acquired). In this article we will look at the causes of MS, its etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and course.

The causes of primary malabsorption syndrome are associated with hereditary disorders of the structure of the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall and genetically determined intestinal fermentopathy. In particular, deficiency of disaccharidases (enzymes that ensure the hydrolysis of carbohydrate-disaccharides) is manifested by impaired absorption of products containing the corresponding carbohydrates.

The development of secondary malabsorption syndrome is caused by diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, vascular disorders, intoxication, the use of certain medications, endocrine diseases, etc. Acute and subacute conditions are characterized by impaired intraintestinal digestion of foods and accelerated passage of contents through the intestines, and chronic conditions are accompanied by dystrophic and atrophic-sclerotic changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine.

Malabsorption syndrome leads to insufficient intake of hydrolysis products of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as mineral salts and vitamins into the body through the intestinal wall. In addition, this syndrome is inevitably accompanied by dysbiosis of the small intestine, aggravating disturbances of digestion and absorption, intestinal motility, and increasing intestinal secretion.

The clinical picture of malabsorption syndrome consists of diarrhea and other intestinal manifestations (polyfecalia, steatorrhea, creatorrhoea, amilorrhea) and metabolic disorders - protein, fat, vitamin, water-salt. Characteristic is the gradual exhaustion of the patient up to cachexia, dystrophic changes in the internal organs with gradually occurring disturbances in their functions. When hypoproteinemia is below 40-50 g/l, hypoproteinemic edema occurs. Thiamine deficiency is manifested by paresthesia, muscle weakness, and impaired coordination of movements. Vitamin D deficiency leads to the development of osteoporosis and bone deformities. Iron deficiency can lead to the development of anemia.

To diagnose malabsorption syndrome, various research methods are used, including scatological, bacteriological, gastroscopic, colonoscopic, x-ray and laboratory methods. It is important to establish the cause of MS in order to prescribe appropriate treatment.

Treatment of MS is aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease and compensating for intraintestinal malabsorption. Depending on the cause of MS, treatment may include the use of enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics, diet correction, the use of medications aimed at improving intestinal motility, etc.

The prognosis depends on the cause of MS and the degree of malabsorption of nutrients. With timely identification and treatment of the cause of MS, it is possible to completely restore intestinal functions and prevent the development of complications. However, with prolonged malabsorption of nutrients, serious complications are possible, such as dystrophic changes in internal organs, cachexia, etc.